Key Concepts: Muda, Mura, Muri

Lean identifies three key sources of waste:

• Muda: Waste (e.g., defects, excess inventory).
• Mura: Unevenness in processes (e.g., variable workloads).
• Muri: Overburdening of people or machines.

Optimization requires the simultaneous elimination of all three issues.

1. Soliman, M. H. A. (2023). Toyota Production System Concepts: Identifying Mura-Muri-Muda in the Manufacturing Stream. Mohammed Hamed Ahmed Soliman.
2. Hosen, M. I., Tushar, S. R., Alam, M. F. B., & Syduzzaman, M. (2025). Strategies for economic sustainability: An empirical study on Muri, Mura, and Muda in the readymade garment sector. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 3(1), 100115.